铜对苋菜生长及成熟叶和扩展叶光合作用的影响

研究铜处理苋菜幼苗生长受阻与光合作用的关系。苋菜播种后25 d,将铜(CuSO4)加入营养液中分2 d浇灌土壤,最后使加入土壤中的铜浓度分别为0(对照)和2 mmol/kg(铜处理)。苋菜叶片对铜处理的响应取决于它们的发育阶段,扩展叶的叶面积减小,而成熟叶的净光合速率明显降低;这两类叶中蔗糖和淀粉的含量均明显升高;成熟叶净光合速率降低但胞间CO2浓度几乎不变,气孔限制不能解释这种现象;最大光化学效率不变表明光合作用受铜处理的影响主要发生在暗反应过程;铜处理下苋菜成熟叶净光合速率的降低很可能是叶片源-库关系改变的结果,而不是铜对光合作用的直接毒害。     

变异苋菜无性系建立的研究

本研究以营养生长期长20~30d的变异型野生反枝苋的茎叶为材料,成功地诱导了愈伤组织,并使愈伤组织分化出不定芽,建立起无性系。实验证明,MS BA0.5 NAA1.5mg/L是诱导反枝苋愈伤组织的理想基:MS BA0.2 NAA0.1mg/L是颗粒状愈伤组织和不定芽分化的理想培养基:1/3MS IAA0.2是反枝苋生根培养的理想培养基。     

Transgenic cotton, expressing Amaranthus caudatus agglutinin, confers enhanced resistance to aphids

To evaluate the possible antiaphid function of Amaranthus caudatus agglutinin (ACA) in allogenetic plants, transgenic cotton plants expressing the ACA gene under the control of a phloem‐specific promoter were generated via Agrobacterium‐mediated gene transformation. Based on the results of Southern blot analyses, six plants with single or lower copy transgene and favourable agronomic traits were selected for further studies. ACA expression levels ranged from 0.02% to 0.45% of total soluble protein as determined by Western blot analysis in the six selected transgenic plants. Insect bioassays using nymphs of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) showed that five of the six transgenic plants significantly inhibited the population growth of cotton aphid, with the highest inhibition rate of 64.5%. These results shed some new light on the antiaphid function of the ACA gene as well as the promising application of the gene for obtaining aphid‐resistant transgenic cotton plants to reduce the yield loss and honeydew contamination of fibre by aphids.     

The Rate of Outcrossing in Grain Amaranths

Studies of intra specific and inter specific out crossing rates were carried out for grain amaranths using two populations of A. hypochondriacus (populations 1008 and 1024) and two populations of A. cruentus (populations 1034 and 434). The studies were conducted at Kabete Campus, University of Nairobi and National Horticultural Research Station, Thika, during the months April to August 1988 and October 1988 to February 1989. The mean intra specific out crossing rate estimates for A. hypochondriacus and A. cruentus were 10.4 % and 10.9 % respectively. The mean inter specific out crossing rate involving population 1024 as the dominant marker parent and 1034 as the recessive marker was 1.2 percent. The study involving population 434 as the dominant marker parent gave the mean inter specific out crossing rate as 6.5 percent. The intra specific and inter specific out crossing rate estimates showed substantial variation. Significant differences in out crossing rate estimates were noted due to locational and seasonal variations. The factors probably contributing to the variations were believed to be locational and seasonal differences in pollinator density and differences among the populations.     

3种杂草种子对紫花苜蓿种子化感作用的研究

为研究杂草种子对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的影响,用藜、反枝苋、骆驼蓬3种杂草种子与紫花苜蓿种子按比例进行混合发芽试验,分析紫花苜蓿的发芽率、根长和芽长,研究藜、反枝苋、骆驼蓬对苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长中的影响.结果表明,藜种子和紫花苜蓿种子混播使紫花苜蓿种子发芽率提高,藜与苜蓿种子10∶50混播处理与对照组有显著差异(P＜0.05).根长与对照组均有显著差异(P＜0.05),藜种子对苜蓿根长和芽长总体呈现抑制趋势;反枝苋与紫花苜蓿种子混播后紫花苜蓿的发芽率与对照均有显著差异(P＜0.05),随着反枝苋种子密度的增加,紫花苜蓿种子发芽率除反枝苋与苜蓿10∶50混播处理外均有升高的趋势.根长与对照相比均表现出增长的趋势,反枝苋与苜蓿种子混播比例为40∶50、50∶50时与其他处理差异显著(P＜0.05).对芽长的影响总体上呈现抑制趋势;骆驼蓬与紫花苜蓿种子混播后紫花苜蓿种子发芽率均低于对照,骆驼蓬与紫花苜蓿混播比例为30∶50、40∶50时与其他处理和对照差异显著(P＜0.05),根长、芽长均比对照有所减小.骆驼蓬与紫花苜蓿种子混播比例为50∶50时,发生死亡.     

洛克沙胂对苋菜生长、营养成分及食用安全的影响

为了研究含洛克沙胂(ROX)禽畜排泄物的大量施用对叶菜安全生产带来的影响,本文以苋菜种子和幼苗为材料,分析了ROX处理下种子萌发、幼苗生长、营养以及抗营养成分含量的变化。结果显示:ROX处理抑制了苋菜种子胚根和幼苗根系伸长,导致株高、叶面积和生物量降低;损伤了苋菜叶片PSII的结构和功能,导致植株光合能力降低;ROX处理对苋菜有机营养含量影响相对较小,但促进了砷和硝酸盐在苋菜体内积累,苋菜可食部分砷含量超出WHO、FAO以及我国规定的食品和蔬菜砷含量限量标准,硝酸盐含量达到中度和重度污染水平。可见,土壤中的兽药ROX残留不仅会抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低叶菜产量,同时还可能通过砷化物和硝酸盐的累积,降低叶菜品质,增大人类的患癌风险。因此,从叶菜安全角度考虑需要限制ROX的施用。     

Effects of Copper on the Photosynthesis and Oxidative Metabolism of Amaranthus tricolor Seedlings

The objective of the present study was to gain better insight into the physiological mechanisms on the effects of copper (Cu) on photosynthesis and active oxygen metabolism in three-colored amaranth plant (Amaranthus tricolor). Three-colored amaranth seedlings were subjected to different Cu levels in soils during the entire experimental period. The parameters of growth, photosynthesis, mineral elements contents, and active oxygen metabolism were investigated using plant physiological methods. The results showed that 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg⁻¹ treatments decreased the whole plant biomass to 91 and 73% of the control, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and the stomatal conductance (g_s) were similarly reduced in the third leaves of three-colored amaranth seedlings treated with 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg-¹ soil, respectively. None of the investigated Cu levels decreased the internal CO₂ concentration (C_i). The effect of Cu on the potential efficiency of photosystem II (F_vIF_m) was negligible, whereas the effect of Cu on the PS II quantum efficiency (Φ_PS II) after plant adaptation in actinic irradiation was more noticeable. On the other hand, decreases in water percentage, contents of photosynthetic pigments and mineral elements including Fe, K, and Mg, and significant increase in the Cu content were observed in the third leaves of Cu-treated plants. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities as well as the proline (Pro) content significantly increased in the third leaves of the three-colored amaranth seedlings treated with 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg⁻¹ soil, while catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities as well as the contents of carotenoid (Car), glutathione (GSH), and ascorbic acid (AsA) decreased, and accompanied by the increases in the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anion (O₂.-), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage. As a result of the imbalance of active oxygen metabolism, P_n and Φ_{PS II} decreased, and peroxidization enhanced under levels of 2.0 and 4.0 mmol Cu kg⁻¹ soil. Finally, the growth of three-colored amaranth plant was significantly inhibited.     

Nutrient and antinutrient composition of Amaranthus muricatus

The chemical and nutritional composition of theaerial parts of Amaranthus muricatus wasassessed. This is a wild plant growing well in aridand poor soil, which are not suitable for cereals. Thematerial under study was boiled, dried and ground andthen evaluated for chemical, nutritional andantinutritional properties. Protein concentration ofthe amaranth flour was 15.74 g/100 g and total dietaryfiber content was high (53.81 g/100 g), with 79%coming from insoluble dietary fiber. The calciumcontent was 1533 mg/100 g and the Ca/P ratio (5.94)was markedly higher than the value suggested in the1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Fifty-ninepercent of the fatty acids present were unsaturatedwith linoleic acid accounting for 40% of the totalfatty acid content. Nitrate, hemagglutinin, trypsininhibitor and saponin contents were within thenon-critical values. Net protein utilization (NPU),true digestibility (tD) and biological value (BV)measurements indicated a nitrogen gain of 74% that ofcasein. The results of this study indicate a nutritivepotential for the A. muricatus leaves, therefore,domestication of this plant is suggested along withassessment of its chemical and nutritionalproperties.     

调控剂对锌镉污染土壤植物修复效率及后茬蔬菜重金属吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,在连续12年高量施用污泥有机肥引起的Zn、Cd污染土壤上种植伴矿景天,并向土壤中添加亚氨基二琥珀酸(IDS)、乙二胺二琥珀酸三钠(EDDS)、硫磺等化学调控剂及稳定剂钙镁磷肥,研究调控剂对伴矿景天吸收Zn、Cd及施用钙镁磷肥对后茬蔬菜重金属污染风险的影响,以期探索出既可提高超积累植物重金属吸取修复效率又能降低后茬农作物重金属污染风险的植物修复模式.结果表明,施用120 mmol/kg硫粉(Sed+S)处理可显著增加伴矿景天地上部生物量,分别比未加调控剂的对照处理伴矿景天(Sed)、伴矿景天添加有机调控剂(Sed+OE)处理增加34.7％和47.9％.施用3 mmol/kg IDS则显著降低了伴矿景天地上部Cd浓度,比Sed处理降低了35.5％.施用钙镁磷肥稳定剂可有效降低后茬蔬菜苋菜体内Zn、Cd浓度,降幅为57％、63％,施用4 g/kg钙镁磷肥后土壤醋酸铵提取态Zn、Cd分别较对照降低66.1％、72.4％.可见,适当施用硫肥能促进伴矿景天的生长,添加钙镁磷肥降低土壤有效态重金属浓度,减少后茬作物污染风险.     

Uptake and translocation of iron from ferrated rhodotorulic acid in tomato

Micro‐organisms may develop an iron‐deficiency stress when grown in an alkaline environment and secrete ferric‐specific chelators known as siderophores. Some of these siderophores may have stability constants which can exceed 30. This is comparable to the synethetic Fe chelate FeEDDHA. Our objective was to determine if the Fe‐efficient T3238 FER tomato and the Fe‐inefficient T3238 fer tomato could use iron supplied as the siderophore ferrated‐rhodotorulic acid. After these two tomato cultivars were grown with adequate nutrition to obtain plants large enough for experimental testing, they were grown without iron until Fe‐deficiency‐stress symptoms developed and then iron was supplied as ferrated‐rhodoturulic acid. Iron efficient T3238 FER tomato utilized iron supplied as the siderophore and greened whereas, the Fe‐inefficient T3238 fer tomato plants were chlorotic because they could not use the iron in the siderophore. This study demonstrated that some higher plants subjected to various degrees of iron‐deficiency stress in nutrient culture may derive their iron requirement from siderophores of microbial origin.